# Table of Contents
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute X
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'read'
# AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute in Python
The Python "AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute" occurs when we usedot notation instead of bracket notation to access a key in a dictionary.
To solve the error, use bracket notation when accessing the key, e.g.my_dict['age'].
Here is an example of how the error occurs.
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my_dict = {'id': 1, 'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'name'print(my_dict.name)# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'id'print(my_dict.id)
If you are trying to access a key in a dictionary, use bracket notation.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}# ✅ using bracket notationprint(my_dict['name']) # 👉️ "Bobby Hadz"print(my_dict['age']) # 👉️ 30
You can also use the get() method to avoid getting an error if the key is notpresent in the dictionary.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}print(my_dict.get('name')) # 👉️ "Bobby Hadz"print(my_dict.get('age')) # 👉️ 30print(my_dict.get('another')) # 👉️ Noneprint(my_dict.get('antoher', 'default')) # 👉️ 'default'
The dict.get methodreturns the value for the given key if the key is in the dictionary, otherwise adefault value is returned.
The method takes the following 2 parameters:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| key | The key for which to return the value |
| default | The default value to be returned if the provided key is not present in the dictionary (optional) |
If a value for the default parameter is not provided, it defaults to None,so the get() method never raises a KeyError.
The error means that we are trying to access an attribute or call a method on a dictionary that is not implemented by the dict class.
# Adding a key-value pair to a dictionary
If you are trying to add key-value pairs to a dictionary, use bracket notation.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}my_dict['country'] = 'Austria'my_dict['job'] = 'programmer'# 👇️ {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30, 'country': 'Austria', 'job': 'programmer'}print(my_dict)
The bracket notation syntax can be used to both access the value of a key andset or update the value for a specific key.
# Iterating over the key-value pairs of a dictionary
If you need to iterate over a dictionary, use the items() method.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}for key, value in my_dict.items(): # name Bobby Hadz # age 30 print(key, value)
Make sure you aren't misspelling a built-in method's name because method names are case-sensitive.
# Checking if a key exists in a dictionary
If you need to check if a key exists in a dictionary, use the in operator.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}print('name' in my_dict) # 👉️ Trueprint('age' in my_dict) # 👉️ Trueprint('another' in my_dict) # 👉️ Falseif 'age' in my_dict: print(my_dict['age']) # 👉️ 30else: print('The age key does NOT exist')
The in operator returns True if the key exists in the dictionary and Falseotherwise.
# Reassigning a variable to a dictionary by mistake
Make sure you aren't reassigning the value of your variable somewhere in yourcode.
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my_list = ['a', 'b']# 👇️ reassign the list to a dictionary by mistakemy_list = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz'}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attributemy_list.append('c')
We set the value of the my_list variable to a list initially, but we set it toa dictionary later on, which caused the error.
# Using a class instead of a dictionary
If you meant to use a class instead of a dictionary, instantiate the classbefore accessing attributes.
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class Employee(): def __init__(self, name, salary): self.name = name self.salary = salary def get_name(self): return self.nameemp1 = Employee('bobbyhadz', 100)print(emp1.name) # 👉️ bobbyhadzprint(emp1.salary) # 👉️ 100print(emp1.get_name()) # 👉️ bobbyhadz
We supplied the name and salary arguments and instantiated the Employeeclass.
You can access attributes on the emp1 instance using dot notation.
# Check if an object contains an attribute before accessing the attribute
If you need to check whether an object contains an attribute, use the hasattrfunction.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}if hasattr(my_dict, 'values'): print(my_dict.values()) # 👉️ dict_values(['Bobby Hadz', 30])else: print('Attribute not present in object')
The hasattr functiontakes the following 2 parameters:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
object | The object we want to test for the existence of the attribute |
name | The name of the attribute to check for in the object |
The hasattr() function returns True if the string is the name of one of theobject's attributes, otherwise False is returned.
A good way to start debugging is to print(dir(your_object)) and see whatattributes a dictionary has.
Here is an example of what printing the attributes of a dict looks like.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}# [...'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys',# 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values' ...]print(dir(my_dict))
If you pass a class to thedir() function, itreturns a list of names of the class's attributes, and recursively of theattributes of its bases.
If you try to access any attribute that is not in this list, you would get theerror.
# Examples of solving the error for specific methods
Here are 3 examples of solving the error for specific methods. Click on the linkto navigate to the subheading.
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'
- AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'read'
# AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'
If you got the "AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'" error,use the in operator to check if a key exists in a dictionary.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'has_key'if my_dict.has_key('age'): print('Key in dict')
# The has_key method was removed in Python 3
The has_key method has been removed in Python 3, however, we can use thein operator to check if a key is in a dictionary.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}# ✅ Check if a key is in a dictionaryif 'age' in my_dict: print('age key is in dictionary') print(my_dict['age']) # 👉️ 30# ✅ Check if a key is NOT in a dictionaryif 'some_key' not in my_dict: print('key is NOT in dictionary')
Thein operatortests for membership. For example, x in s evaluates to True if x is amember of s, otherwise it evaluates to False.
x not in s returns the negation of x in s.
When used with a dictionary, the in operators check for the existence of the specified key in the dict object.
You can use the get() method to access a key in a dictionary without getting aKeyError if the key is not present.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Bobby Hadz', 'age': 30}print(my_dict.get('name')) # 👉️ "Bobyb Hadz"print(my_dict.get('another')) # 👉️ Noneprint(my_dict.get('another', 'default val')) # 👉️ default val
The dict.get() method takes an optional second argument that serves as adefault value if the key doesn't exist in the dictionary.
# Conclusion
The Python "AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute" occurs when we usedot notation instead of bracket notation to access a key in a dictionary.
To solve the error, use bracket notation when accessing the key, e.g.my_dict['age'].
# AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'
The Python "AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'" occurswhen we try to call the append() method on a dictionary.
To solve the error, use bracket notation to add a key-value pair to a dict ormake sure to call the append() method on a list.
Here is an example of how the error occurs.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'my_dict.append('country', 'Austria')
# Use bracket notation to add a key to a dictionary
Dictionaries don't have an append method. Use bracket notation to add akey-value pair to a dictionary.
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my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}# ✅ add key-value pairs to dictmy_dict['country'] = 'Austria'my_dict['prof'] = 'programmer'# {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30, 'country': 'Austria', 'prof': 'programmer'}print(my_dict)print(my_dict['country']) # 👉️ Austria
The bracket notation syntax can be used to both access the value of a key and set or update the value for a specific key.
If you are trying to add an item to a list, you have to figure out where thevariable got assigned a dictionary instead of a list.
# Use square brackets when declaring a list
When declaring a list, use square brackets instead of curly braces.
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my_list = []my_list.append('a')my_list.append('b')print(my_list) # 👉️ ['a', 'b']
Make sure you aren't reassigning a list to a dictionary somewhere in your codebefore you call append.
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my_list = []# 👇️ reassign to dictionary by mistakemy_list = {'name': 'Alice'}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'append'print(my_list.append('hi'))
A good way to start debugging is to print(dir(your_object)) and see whatattributes a dictionary has.
Here is an example of what printing the attributes of a dict looks like.
main.py
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my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}# [...'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys',# 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values' ...]print(dir(my_dict))
If you pass a class to thedir() function, itreturns a list of names of the class's attributes, and recursively of theattributes of its bases.
If you try to access any attribute that is not in this list, you would get theerror.
Since dict objects don't have an append() method, the error is caused.
# AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'read'
The "AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'read'" occurs when we tryto access the read attribute on a dictionary, e.g. by passing a dict tojson.load().
To solve the error, use the json.dumps() method if trying to convert adictionary to JSON.
Here is an example of how the error occurs.
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import jsonmy_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}# ⛔️ AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'read'json_str = json.load(my_dict)
# Converting a Python object to a JSON string
If you are trying to convert a Python object to a JSON string, use thejson.dumps() method.
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import jsonmy_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 30}json_str = json.dumps(my_dict)print(json_str) # 👉️ '{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}''print(type(json_str)) # 👉️ <class 'str'>
The json.dumps methodconverts a Python object to a JSON formatted string.
The json.loads methodparses a JSON string into a native Python object.
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import jsonjson_str = r'{"name": "Alice", "age": 30}'my_dict = json.loads(json_str)print(type(my_dict)) # 👉️ <class 'dict'>
If the data being parsed is not a valid JSON string, a JSONDecodeError israised.
# Deserializing a file using json.load()
If you are trying to use the json.load() method to deserialize a file to aPython object, open the file and pass the file object to the json.load()method.
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import jsonfile_name = 'example.json'with open(file_name, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: my_data = json.load(f) print(my_data) # 👉️ {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}
The json.load method isused to deserialize a file to a Python object, whereas thejson.loads method isused to deserialize a JSON string to a Python object.
The json.load() method expects a text file or a binary file containing a JSON document that implements a .read() method. If you call the json.load() method with a dictionary, it tries to call the read() method on the dictionary.
A good way to start debugging is to print(dir(your_object)) and see whatattributes a dictionary has.
Here is an example of what printing the attributes of a dict looks like.
main.py
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my_dict = {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 30}# [...'clear', 'copy', 'fromkeys', 'get', 'items', 'keys',# 'pop', 'popitem', 'setdefault', 'update', 'values' ...]print(dir(my_dict))
If you pass a class to thedir() function, itreturns a list of names of the class's attributes, and recursively of theattributes of its bases.
If you try to access any attribute that is not in this list, you would get theerror.
Since dict objects don't have a read() method, the error is caused.
FAQs
How do I fix an object has no attribute error in Python? ›
To avoid the AttributeError in Python code, a check should be performed before referencing an attribute on an object to ensure that it exists. The Python help() function can be used to find out all attributes and methods related to the object. To resolve the AttributeError , a try-except block can be used.
What is the attribute for dict object in Python? ›AttrDict , Attribute Dictionary, is the exact same as a python native dict , except that in most cases, you can use the dictionary key as if it was an object attribute instead. This allows users to create container objects that looks as if they are class objects (as long as the user objects the proper limitations).
How to get dict object value in Python? ›You can use the get() method of the dictionary ( dict ) to get any default value without an error if the key does not exist. Specify the key as the first argument. The corresponding value is returned if the key exists, and None is returned if the key does not exist.
What is __ dict __ object in Python? ›__dict__ is A dictionary or other mapping object used to store an object's (writable) attributes. Or speaking in simple words every object in python has an attribute which is denoted by __dict__. And this object contains all attributes defined for the object.
How to check if attribute is in object Python? ›To check if an object has an attribute in Python, you can use the hasattr function. The hasattr function returns a Boolean value indicating whether the object has the specified attribute. If the attribute exists, hasattr returns True, otherwise it returns False.
How to get all attributes from Python object? ›To print all the attributes of an object in Python, you can use the 'getmembers()' function of the inspect module. This function returns the list of tuples containing the attributes along with their values.
How to convert dict object to list in Python? ›- Create a variable to store the input dictionary.
- Creating an empty list that gives the resultant list of a dictionary key, values.
- Use the for loop to traverse through each key value pair of a dictionary using items() function(returns a group of the key-value pairs in the dictionary).
First, import the pandas library. Then, use the built-in function pd. DataFrame. from_dict() to convert any python dictionary into dataframe.
How to convert object into dictionary in Python? ›Programming Guide. In Python, converting an object to a dictionary can be done using the `vars()` built-in function, which returns the `__dict__` attribute of the object to convert.
How to check if object exists in dict Python? ›You can check if a key exists in dictionary in Python using the keys() method of the dictionary class. The keys() method returns a view object of keys (something similar to a collection) in which you can search the required key using the in operator we saw earlier.
How to check dict key in Python? ›
Checking if key exists using the get() method
The get() method is a dictionary method that returns the value of the associated key. If the key is not present it returns either a default value (if passed) or it returns None. Using this method we can pass a key and check if a key exists in the python dictionary.
We can use the values() method in Python to retrieve all values from a dictionary. Python's built-in values() method returns a view object that represents a list of dictionaries containing every value.
How does dict () work in Python? ›Python's efficient key/value hash table structure is called a "dict". The contents of a dict can be written as a series of key:value pairs within braces { }, e.g. dict = {key1:value1, key2:value2, ... }. The "empty dict" is just an empty pair of curly braces {}.
What is default dict object in Python? ›The defaultdict is a subdivision of the dict class. Its importance lies in the fact that it allows each new key to be given a default value based on the type of dictionary being created. A defaultdict can be created by giving its declaration an argument that can have three values; list, set or int.
What is a dict object? ›A Dictionary object is the equivalent of a PERL associative array. Items, which can be any form of data, are stored in the array. Each item is associated with a unique key. The key is used to retrieve an individual item and is usually an integer or a string, but can be anything except an array.
How do you check if there is no attribute in Python? ›Checking whether an object has a particular attribute
If you want to determine whether a given object has a particular attribute then hasattr() method is what you are looking for. The method accepts two arguments, the object and the attribute in string format.
We can check if a property exists in the object by checking if property !== undefined . In this example, it would return true because the name property does exist in the developer object.
How do I check attributes type in Python? ›hasattr() – The function hasattr() is used to check if an attribute exists in the class or not. This function also takes two arguments i.e. object name and the name of the attribute that we want to check.
How do you add attributes to an object in Python? ›Adding attributes to a Python class is very straight forward, you just use the '. ' operator after an instance of the class with whatever arbitrary name you want the attribute to be called, followed by its value.
How to get all attributes of an object in Active Directory? ›Go to Start and open Administrative tools. Click on Active Directory users and Computers. Right click on the object whose attributes you wish to view, and click Properties. In the dialogue box that opens, you will be able to view all the AD attributes of the object categorized based on the attribute type.
How do you find the first attribute of an object in Python? ›
- A constructor __init__(length) that takes the length, i.e. the number of vehicles that can be on the lane. ...
- A method get_first() that returns the vehicle at the first position without deleting it.
To get dictionary keys as a list in Python use the dict. keys() which returns the keys in the form of dict_keys() and use this as an argument to the list() . The list() function takes the dict_keys as an argument and converts it to a list, this will return all keys of the dictionary in the form of a list.
How to list all keys of dict Python? ›- Using dict.keys() method.
- Using list() & dict.keys() function.
- Using List comprehension.
- Using the Unpacking operator(*)
- Using append() function & For loop.
- (1) Using a list() function: my_list = list(my_dict)
- (2) Using dict.keys(): my_list = list(my_dict.keys())
- (3) Using List Comprehension: my_list = [i for i in my_dict]
- (4) Using For Loop: my_list = [] for i in my_dict: my_list.append(i)
To convert a dict to JSON python using sort_keys, we use the sort_keys attribute inside the dumps() function to achieve the same. We need to set it to "True" to sort the dictionary and convert it into the JSON object. When we set it to "False", then the dictionary will not be sorted to find the JSON object.
How to convert the JSON dict to DataFrame? ›You can convert JSON to Pandas DataFrame by simply using read_json() . Just pass JSON string to the function. It takes multiple parameters, for our case I am using orient that specifies the format of JSON string. This function is also used to read JSON files into pandas DataFrame.
How to convert list of dicts to DataFrame Python? ›Use from_dict(), from_records(), json_normalize() methods to convert list of dictionaries (dict) to pandas DataFrame. Dict is a type in python to hold key-value pairs. Key is used as a column name and value is used for column value when we convert dict to DataFrame.
How to convert dictionary values in Python? ›- (1) Using a list() function: my_list = list(my_dict.values())
- (2) Using a List Comprehension: my_list = [i for i in my_dict.values()]
- (3) Using For Loop: my_list = [] for i in my_dict.values(): my_list.append(i)
The “if condition” can be used to determine whether or not the Python dictionary is empty. It will determine whether or not the dictionary contains elements. If the dictionary is empty, the “if condition” returns true; otherwise, it returns false.
How to check if data is in dict Python? ›Check if a value exists in a dictionary: in operator, values() To check if a value exists in a dictionary, i.e., if a dictionary has a value, use the in operator and the values() method. Use not in to check if a value does not exist in a dictionary.
How do I find a missing key in a Python dict? ›
Checking if key exists using the get() method
The get() method is a dictionary method that returns the value of the associated key. If the key is not present it returns either a default value (if passed) or it returns None. Using this method we can pass a key and check if a key exists in the python dictionary.
Values in a Python dictionary can be accessed by placing the key within square brackets next to the dictionary. Values can be written by placing key within square brackets next to the dictionary and using the assignment operator ( = ). If the key already exists, the old value will be overwritten.
What type is dict keys () in Python? ›Dictionary keys must be of an immutable type. Strings and numbers are the two most commonly used data types as dictionary keys. We can also use tuples as keys but they must contain only strings, integers, or other tuples.
How to get dict value without key in Python? ›You just have to use dict. values() . This will return a list containing all the values of your dictionary, without having to specify any key.
How to print list of dictionary values in Python? ›Python's dict. keys() method can be used to retrieve the dictionary keys, which can then be printed using the print() function. A view object that shows a list of every key in the dictionary is the result of the dict. keys() method.
How to convert dict values to string in Python? ›You can easily convert a Python dictionary to a string using the str() function. The str() function takes an object (since everything in Python is an object) as an input parameter and returns a string variant of that object. Note that it does not do any changes in the dictionary itself but returns a string variant.
What is dict in Python with example? ›Dictionary. Dictionaries are used to store data values in key:value pairs. A dictionary is a collection which is ordered*, changeable and do not allow duplicates. As of Python version 3.7, dictionaries are ordered.
Why use dict keys () in Python? ›Python dictionary keys() function is used to return a new view object that contains a list of all the keys in the dictionary. The Python dictionary keys() method returns an object that contains all the keys in a dictionary.
How to initialize a dictionary in Python? ›To create an empty dictionary, first create a variable name which will be the name of the dictionary. Then, assign the variable to an empty set of curly braces, {} . Another way of creating an empty dictionary is to use the dict() function without passing any arguments.
How do I set a default value in a dictionary? ›Python Dictionary setdefault() Method. Python setdefault() method is used to set default value to the key. It returns value, if the key is present. Otherwise it insert key with the default value.
What is the difference between dict and object in Python? ›
A dictionary is an arbitrary mapping. An object is a special mapping from names to variables and methods. A class is a language construct that gathers together objects with similar structure and helps to create objects. Objects and classes can be simulated in a straightforward way using functions and dictionaries.
What data type is dict? ›The dict data type is the only built-in mapping data structure as part of the Python standard library. Its primary usage is very straightforward, as summarized below. Some essential points are listed below regarding the common usage of the dict data type. The keys need to be hashable.
How do you set an attribute error in Python? ›The easiest way to fix the AttributeError:can't set attribute is to create a new namedtuple object with the namedtuple. _replace() method. The result is a new namedtuple object with all attributes copied except the newly passed one.
How do you fix a list object has no attribute? ›The Python list object has no attribute error occurs whenever you try to access an attribute that's not defined on the list object. To fix this error, you need to make sure you are calling an attribute that exists on a list object.
How do you resolve a Dataframe object has no attribute? ›The solution of dataframe object has no attribute tolist
The solution for this attribute error is that you should not apply the tolist() function in the entire column. Instead, use the function on a specific column or series.
Python setattr() function is used to set a value to the object's attribute. It takes three arguments an object, a string, and an arbitrary value, and returns none. It is helpful when we want to add a new attribute to an object and set a value to it.
How to get object by attribute value in Python? ›Python getattr() function is used to get the value of an object's attribute and if no attribute of that object is found, default value is returned. Basically, returning the default value is the main reason why you may need to use Python getattr() function.
How can solve an error in Python? ›- Identify the error message and note the specific problem being reported.
- Check the code for logical, mathematical or typographical errors.
- Ensure all identifiers are defined properly before being used.
- Make sure the correct data types are being used and are being used correctly.
“not in” operator − This operator is used to check whether an element is not present in the passed list or not. Returns true if the element is not present in the list otherwise returns false.
How do you remove attributes from an object in Python? ›Delete Object Properties
You can delete the object property by using the 'del' keyword. As you can see, the attribute has been deleted, and you get an error message when you try to print the 'age' attribute.
How do you set an attribute to none in Python? ›
Method 1: By Initializing them with None Directly
We can directly assign the attributes with the None value. By creating a class and initializing two variables within the class with None.
the reason of " 'DataFrame' object has no attribute 'Number'/'Close'/or any col name " is because you are looking at the col name and it seems to be "Number" but in reality it is " Number" or "Number " , that extra space is because in the excel sheet col name is written in that format.
How do you replace an object in a DataFrame? ›Pandas DataFrame replace() Method
The replace() method replaces the specified value with another specified value. The replace() method searches the entire DataFrame and replaces every case of the specified value.
empty attribute you can check if DataFrame is empty or not. We refer DataFrame as empty when it has zero rows. This pandas DataFrame empty attribute returns a Boolean value; value True when DataFrame is empty and False when it is empty.
How do I check file attributes in Python? ›- path. getsize() returns the size of the file.
- path. getmtime() returns the file last modified date.
- path. getctime() returns the file creation date (equals to last modified date in Unix systems like macOS)
hasAttribute() The Element. hasAttribute() method returns a Boolean value indicating whether the specified element has the specified attribute or not.